Archive for the ‘higher consciousness’ Category
Dial (1840−1844) − Complete Edition
THE seminal New England Transcendentalist periodical Dial, published from 1840 through 1844, is a milestone in the history of American literature, philosophy and intellectual life. It’s something not only of historical interest, but a living part of American consciousness. The ideas were to lofty to have much direct impact then, but they await and invite rediscovery by new generations.
To the best of my knowledge, the complete four volumes have never been printed in their entirety, except for a very limited edition in 1902. Moreover, many of the fine essays and poems do not exist in machine readable form. I have hopefully met the need by taking four scanned volumes available from Google Books, converting them with optical character recognition to machine readable form, placing them in a single, bookmarked pdf file, and adding author information not in the original volumes. The free pdf ebook can be downloaded here.
❧
Frederic H. Hedge on the Inner Transfiguration of Christ
FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE (1805−1890) was a friend of Emerson and one of the original New England Transcendentalists. Of his many writings, his Sermon on the Transfiguration is probably my favorite. One might think that a Transcendentalist like Hedge would see in Christ’s Transfiguration on the Mount a symbol for the human capacity to see the physical world, and especially Nature, in a transfigured way. Such epiphany or theophany experiences in Natural settings is a common theme in Transcendentalist writings. Yet Hedge finds an even more profound interpretation. He sees the Transfiguration as a symbol for those rare movements of special spiritual insight into ourselves. That is, it refers, for him, to transfiguration of inner, not outer vision. Christ becomes manifest, revealed, within ones own mind, heart and soul. These are rare moments of special, clear insight into our own nature, and our relationship with God.
Hedge first notes two prerequisites for these experiences. First, they come only in times of mental repose and tranquility, such as one may experience in intense contemplation. Second, they are more often to be had during seasons of retirement — that is, when we have removed ourselves from the “deafening tumult of social intercourse.”
He then distinguishes three varieties of such experiences in terms of their content.
First, some involve a nearer and clearer manifestation of the basic realities of religion: that God does in fact exist, that our souls are immortal, and that there is a path of moral life, a ‘way of righteousness’ which we ought to pursue.
Second, in some we may receive a “clearer exhibition of our duties, and a more powerful incitement to the faithful discharge of them.” In the light of such experiences, our moral duties no longer seem onerous and burdensome, but easy and pleasant — indeed, the stuff of which our authentic happiness consists.
Third, we may obtain a foretaste of the joy, blessedness and glory that awaits the saved beyond this life.
These experiences, Hedge says, are as fleeting as they are rare, but are necessary to maintain and renew our vigor, and are essential to spiritual and moral progress.
It really is a marvelous sermon, well worth reading.
While we cannot make these experiences happen at will, there are nonetheless things can do to make them more likely occur, such as by regular practice of meditation and contemplation. Perhaps most of all, when such experiences are absent — during desolate times — we should continue to yearn for them “As the deer pants for streams of water” (Ps. 42:1).
Reference
Hedge, Frederic Henry The Transfiguration: A Sermon, Western Messenger, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 1838, pp. 82−88. (pdf version)
❧
Pitirim Sorokin: The Role of Religion in the Altruistic Transformation of Society
IN 1948, in the aftermath of two colossally destructive world wars, the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the commencement of the Cold War, Harvard sociologist wrote The Reconstruction of Humanity. He saw as few others did the perilous road that lay ahead. Certainly others sounded a warning bell, but Sorokin’s sweeping studies of cultural history gave him deeper insight into the problems of modern society — and the possible solutions — than others.
What he foresaw was a continued decay of society obsessed with materialism and sensate values. The only solution, he believed, was to consciously renew culture on the principles of idealism and altruism. The first half of Reconstruction of Humanity he devoted to debunking false panaceas of popular democracy, science, capitalism, world government and the United Nations. In the second half he presented his prescription, which involved an intentional restructuring of the family, education and religion — all with the explicit aim of raising consciousness and fostering the development of a deep transformation of human personality from egoism to altruism.
The following comes from his section on religion. He saw modern religions as needing to concentrate efforts on two fundamental reforms: (1) a greater emphasis on religious experience (as opposed to doctrine), and (2) achieving a greater proportion of practitioners who see religion as central, not merely peripheral to their lives.
Sorokin, though a sociologist, was quite sophisticated in his understanding of religion. Large sections of his work, The Ways and Power of Love are devoted to the Western monastic system and Indian yoga as means of effecting a thorough moral and psychological transformation of the individual.
The message of Reconstruction of Humanity (which, incidentally, was dedicated to Mohandas Gandhi) is more relevant and urgent today than ever.
III. Religious Institutions
Religion is a system of ultimate values and norms of conduct derived principally through superconscious intuition, supplemented by rational cognition and sensory experience. As such it tends to constitute the supreme synthesis of the dominant values and norms of conduct. Its superconscious intuition makes us aware of, and puts us in contact with, the superconscious aspect of the ultimate reality value, the Infinite Manifold, God, or the Holy. Herein religion is little dependent upon logic and sensory experience. In so far as it attempts to give a rational and empirically correct synthesis of the superconscious, the rational, and the empirical aspects of the Infinite Manifold, it draws upon syllogistic and mathematical logic and upon empirical science.
Virtually all the major religions and all genuine religious experiences have apprehended the ultimate reality value in a very similar way so far as its superconscious aspect is concerned. The differences between the Tao of Taoism, the “Heaven” of Confucianism, the Brahman of Hinduism and Buddhism, the Jehovah of Judaism, the God of Christianity, and “the Inexpressible” of mystics consist mainly in differences of terminology, in the accentuation of this or that aspect of the Infinite Manifold, and in the even more subsidiary differences of rationalized dogmas and cults. In these secondary traits religions vary and undergo change; in their intuition of the ultimate reality value as an Infinite Manifold, as in their basic values and norms of conduct, they remain essentially unchangeable. The scale of values of all genuine religions unanimously puts at the top the supreme value of the Infinite Manifold itself (God, Brahman, Tao, the Holy, the Sacred), and then, in descending order, the highest values of truth, goodness, and beauty, their inferior and less pure varieties, and finally the sensory and sensate values. Likewise, the moral commandments of all genuine religions are fundamentally identical. Their ethics is the ethics of unbounded love of man for God, for his fellow men, for all living creatures, and for the entire universe. In brief, in their intuitive system of reality — values and norms of conduct, religions remain true to themselves, undergoing little change, and depending little upon logic and empirical knowledge.
In their rational and empirical ideologies religions, as has been said, naturally depend upon logic and empirical science. Since these are incessantly changing, religions change also in these respects: in their theological rationalizations, in their cult and ritual, in their empirical activities and organizations. If a religion does not modify these logical and empirical elements in conformity with changes in logical and sensory knowledge (mathematics, logic, and science), it becomes obsolescent in these components and is eventually supplanted by a religion whose logical and empirical values and norms are up to date. The superconscious essence of the supplanting and the supplanted religion remains, however, essentially the same. Religion as a superconscious intuition of the Infinite Manifold is perennial and eternal; as a rationalized system of theology, as an empirical system of cult, ritual, and technical activities, it is incessantly changing.
There has been scarcely any great culture without a great religion as its foundation. The emergence of virtually all notable cultures has been either simultaneous with or preceded by the emergence of a notable religion which has constituted its most valuable component. The decline of any major culture or the end of one era and the beginning of a new era in its life history has again been marked by either the decline of its religion, or by a replacement of one religion by another. Only eclectic cultural congeries have been devoid of an integrated system of religion. Such cultural congeries have functioned mainly as material to be used by creative cultures. Without Confucianism and Taoism the Chinese culture is unthinkable; without Hinduism and Buddhism there would have been no great Hindu culture; without the Greek religion and philosophy Greek culture would have been impossible; without Mohammedanism there would have been no notable Islamic-Arabic culture; without Zoroastrianism the Iranic culture could not have achieved a high level. The same relationship applies to the Egyptian, Babylonian, Judaistic, and Western Christian cultures and religions.
If we wish to build a truly great culture, we must create or recreate one or several great systems of ultimate reality — values and norms of conduct for the various parts of the human race. Like different languages, each denoting the same objects in its own words and idioms, humanity may have different “religious languages,” each in its own way conveying the experience of the Holy, putting men in touch with the Infinite Manifold, and constituting the indispensable condition of the creativity of their culture and of a peaceful, altruistic social system.
Viewed in this light, the existing major religions, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Mohammedanism, Jainism and others, do not urgently need to be replaced by new religions or to be drastically modified. Their intuitive system of reality value (God, Brahman, Tao, etc. as an Infinite Manifold) and their conception of man as an end value, as a son of God, as a divine soul, as a bearer of the Absolute; these intuitions and conceptions are essentially valid and supremely edifying (in varying degrees for the different religions).
Similarly, their ethical imperatives, enjoining a union of man with the Absolute and an unconditional love of man for his fellows and for all living creatures, call for no radical change. Some of these norms, such as those of the Sermon on the Mount, are, indeed, incapable of improvement.
What is needed, therefore, concerns not the essence of the great religions but its revitalization and the modification of their secondary traits.
It is essential to recover a vital sense of the living ‘presence of God, of union with the Infinite Manifold, such as has been experienced by the mystics and other deeply religious persons. This experience should not be attended by the emotional outbursts and bodily convulsions typical of many present-day “revivals.” A large proportion of contemporary believers hardly ever enjoy such an experience. Their religiosity is chiefly a formal adherence to the prescribed ritual and cult, a mechanical repetition of traditional formulas, the mere outer shell of religion without its living flame. Hence their religious ideologies scarcely influence their overt conduct.
This reawakening of intense religious experience is inextricably connected with the actual application, in overt behavior, of the ethical norms of religion. The transformation of overt conduct in the direction of ‘practicing what one preaches’ is another fundamental change that must he effected by the leading religions. We have seen that in modem times there has appeared an unbridgeable chasm between avowed beliefs and standards, on the one hand, and their embodiment in actual practice on the other. Thus the adherents of Christianity overtly behave, as a rule, in the most un-Christian manner. Since they retain but the formal shells of their religion, devoid of its real substance, such a chasm is inevitable.
The revitalization of religion consists precisely in these two essential tasks:
(1) re-creation of a genuine religious experience;
(2) realization of ethical norms in the overt behavior of the believers.A truly religious person, feeling vividly the presence of God, walks humbly and reverently on this earth and loves the other children of God and all living creatures to his utmost capacity.
These are the paramount needs of religious transmutation. Believers, especially religious leaders, must concentrate their efforts on these tasks instead of devoting most of their energy to the external shells of religiosity; their cult and ritual, [note 1] their institutional property and hierarchy, their rational theology and dogmas, their politics and their claims for the superiority of their own brand of religion over the others.
The sacredness of man as an end value and the ethical commandments enjoining love are limited in several religions to the circle of their own believers. This tribal provincialism, with its double standard of morality, should cease. Any true religion of the future must he universal in the sense that everyone, regardless of his race or nationality, creed, age, sex, or status, is regarded as a sacred end value.
Its logical and empirical aspects, which are incessantly changing and whose validity depends upon logical and empirical science, religions must bring into harmony with existing science and logic, dropping what is obsolescent. This concerns theological speculation and dogma, cult and ritual, and the technique of man’s spiritualization and moralization. Keeping abreast with logic and science in these subsidiary features, religion enters into harmonious co-operation with science, logic, and philosophy without sacrificing any of its intuitive truth revealed through the superconscious of its seers, prophets, and charismatic leaders. On the other hand, in its turn it supplements science, logic, and philosophy through its system of ultimate reality — values. In this way religion, logic, science unite to form a single harmonious team dedicated to the discovery of the perennial values and to the proper shaping of man’s mind and conduct.
For the realization of these objectives religions need not only to be familiar with existing techniques but also to create new, more fruitful, and more adequate techniques of religious and ethical transformation. (Cf. the next section of this work for an elaboration of this topic.) [note 2]
If the foregoing tasks are successfully performed, religion will contribute as never before to the creation of a society characterized by peace and harmony, happiness, and a sense of kinship with the Infinite Manifold.
Notes.
1. Sorokin’s comments here might be mistakenly understood to mean he does not appreciate the importance of religious ritual. Rather, I believe his point is that these should be understood not as ends in themselves, but as powerful tools that support and enhance the fuller spiritual life of the practitioner.
2. His later and more definitive analysis of techniques for altruistic transformation of society is found in Sorokin (1954/2002).
Bibliography
Sorokin, Pitirim. The Reconstruction of Humanity. Beacon Press, 1948.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Social and Cultural Dynamics. Revised and abridged in one volume by the author, Transaction Books, 1957, 1985. (Originally published in four volumes, I–III, 1937; IV, 1941.)
Sorokin, Pitirim A. The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954; repr. Templeton Foundation, 2002. [ebook]
❧
The Soul’s Vast Battle of Kurukshetra
PREVIOUSLY I’ve suggested (Uebersax, 2012, 2017) that a useful framework for understanding the psychological meanings of ancient myths is subpersonality theory (Lester, 2012; Rowan, 1990). Three leading hypotheses of this view are: (1) the human psyche can be meaningfully likened to a city or kingdom with many citizens (a situation which opens up many allegorical possibilities); (2) individual ‘citizens’ of the psyche may take the form of psychological complexes; and (3) there may potentially be a very large number — thousands or millions — of these mental citizens operating. These hypothesis were derived by applying subpersonality theory to interpretation of the myths of the Old Testament (following hermeneutic principles laid down by Philo of Alexandria 2000 years ago), and Plato’s Republic (a work that makes much more sense interpreted as an allegory for the psyche than as a literal manual for civil politics.)
Independent confirmation of these hypotheses is found in a recent commentary on the Bhagavad Gita by Swami Kriyananda. Relevant passages are shown below. The Bhaghavad Gita is a section of the much larger work, the Sanskrit epic, the Mahabharata. The Mahabharata describes a vast battle on the plains of Kurukshetra between two clans, the Panduvas and the Kauravas. Allegorically, the Panduvas symbolize our virtues, and the Kauravas our vices. Hence the epic falls into the category (and is perhaps the most notable example) of a psychomachia myth, comparable with such Greek myths as the Titanomachy (the battles of the Olympian gods against the Titans) and the Trojan War (as mythologically chronicled in Homer’s Iliad), and with the Old Testament’s various battles and contentions between the Israelites and their enemies.
Swami Kriyananda’s allegorical interpretation of the Mahabharata follows a tradition imparted to him by his teacher, Paramhansa Yogananda (1893−1952), who either inherited or derived it from the teachings of his guru, Swami Sri Yukteswar (1855−1936) — who, in turn, was influenced by his teacher, Lahiri Mahayasa (1828−1895). While terms like “complex” are clearly modern, the basic psychological mechanisms described seem firmly planted in the yogic tradition.
Citizens of the Soul
The Bhagavad Gita presents a fascinating picture of human nature. It shows that every individual is a nation unto himself, his “population” consisting of all his qualities, both good and bad. … Over time, the innumerable experiences he encounters in life, and the way he encounters them, may develop in him innumerable “complexes.” In other words, certain aspects of his nature may insist on attack, while other aspects plead, tortoise-like, for a self-protective withdrawal. Still others may mutter helplessly in the background about “the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,” while still others spread a whispering campaign of malicious gossip to get “the world” to side with them, while another whole group of mental citizens may [plead] … for tolerance, forbearance, amused acceptance, or calm non-attachment. (pp. 47−48)
There may be thousands or even millions of such complexes/citizens:
[O]ur qualities assume the characteristics of individual personalities, as we become steeped in them by a repetition of the acts that involve us in them. Because of habit, they become entrenched as true “citizens” of our own nation of consciousness. … Thousands or millions of “citizens” mill about, each one bent on fulfilling his own desires and ambitions. Sigmund Freud hardly scratched the surface …. Freud saw only the conflict between personal desire and the expectations of society. In reality the case is infinitely more complex. (p. 50)
Ranged against his upwardly directed aspirations are innumerable downward-moving tendencies which he himself created by past wrong actions, and developed into bad habits. … the forces for error are “innumerable,” whereas the forces of righteousness are “few in number.” Countless are the ways one can slip into error, even as the outside of a large circle has room for taking many approaches to the center. Uplifting virtues are few, for they lead into, and are already close to, the center of our being. Hatred can be defined in terms of countless objects capable of being hated, whereas kindness springs from the inner self, and bestows its beneficence impersonally on all. (p. 58)
Personality Integration
That we have all these inner citizens doesn’t per se necessitate constant inner conflict, although in the usual ‘fallen’ human condition that does seem to be the case. We need not, however, suppose that the only resolution to conflict is for our virtues to utterly destroy hosts of opposing tendencies. Rather, the goal should be one of harmonization.
One obvious strategy, then, is to try to transform, convert or sublimate recalcitrant complexes. This is perhaps symbolically represented in Plato’s Cave Allegory, where, after the philosopher rises from the cave of ignorance, he voluntarily returns to try to educate and uplift the prisoners who remain there (Republic 7.519d−520e).
Another strategy is to consciously solicit the responses of multiple subpersonalities before embarking on some course of action:
introspection (Sanjava) is the wisest course to understanding. … if by introspection one canvasses the reactions of his own mental citizens, he will have a clearer understanding of what he ought or ought not to have done and of how he ought to behave in future. (p. 58)
This corresponds well to suggestions made by Rowan (1990) in managing conflicting subpersonalities.
Indispensable in any case — and this appears to be a key message of the Bhagavad Gita — is to withhold a strong ego-identification from any particular complex. It is not really complexes themselves that cause conflict, but only when we mistakenly identify them as who we are.
Further study and application of subpersonality to the interpretation of myths seems warranted. Modern psychologists can learn much about personality integration and self-realization by studying the Indian mythological epics such as the Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, and the Ramayana. Indian myths, Greek myths, the stories of the Old Testament, and even Plato’s Republic can be understood using a common set of hermeneutical principles. They supply multiple maps of a common terrain, the human soul. Their messages — salvation of the soul by means of Wisdom, virtue, holiness and, above all, love of God — are the same.
first draft 27 July 2021
References
Assagioli, Roberto. Psychosynthesis. London: Turnstone, 1975.
Swami Kriyananda. The Essence of the Bhagavad Gita Explained by Paramhansa Yogananda. Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2008. ebook audio book
Lester, David. A Multiple Self Theory of the Mind. Comprehensive Psychology, 2012, 1, 5.
Rowan, John. Subpersonalities: The People Inside Us. London, 1990.
Uebersax, John. Psychological Allegorical Interpretation of the Bible. Paso Robles: El Camino Real Books, 2012.
Uebersax, John. Psychopolis: Plato’s Inner Republic and Personality Theory. Satyagraha weblog. 12 January 2017.
❧
Václav Havel: Living in the Truth as the Remedy for the New Totalitarianism
Abrilliant 1978 essay by Czech dissident/president Vaclav Havel has five key takeaway messages for the present crises in American politics. These relate to: (i) post-totalitarianism as a new form of mass subjugation; (ii) the expansively bureaucratic nature of post-totalitarianism; (iii) ideology as its central pillar; (iv) conformity as essential for its continuance; and (v) possible solutions — most importantly, a realignment of individual and cultural values to what he called “living in the truth“.
These are briefly explained below, though no short summary does adequate justice to Havel’s insightful and well-written essay. (See Readings for links to free versions.)
1. Post-totalitarianism
By post-totalitarianism Havel meant a new form of totalitarianism that has emerged in the modern era. If differs from “classical dictatorship” in several respects. First, whereas classical dictatorships are unique, historical aberrations — often based on a cult of personality — post-totalitarianism is rooted in the history of ideas (e.g., draped in the mantle of 19th century socialist theories and Enlightenment political liberalism);
Second, as a government system, post-totalitarianism outlives changes in political leaders and ruling parties:
a post-totalitarian system, after all, is not the manifestation of a particular political line followed by a particular government. It is something radically different: it is a complex, profound, and long-term violation of society, or rather the self-violation of society. To oppose it merely by establishing a different political line and then striving for a change in government would not only be unrealistic, it would be utterly inadequate, for it would never come near to touching the root of the matter.
Third, whereas classical dictatorships use direct force to oppress and control the masses, post-totalitarianism uses indirect methods (see ‘Conformity’ below).
Fourth, means of overturning classical dictatorships, including revolution and elections, are ineffective here.
Even if revolt were possible, however, it would remain the solitary gesture of a few isolated individuals and they would be opposed not only by a gigantic apparatus of national (and supranational) power, but also by the very society in whose name they were mounting their revolt in the first place. (This, by the way, is another reason why the regime and its propaganda have been ascribing terroristic aims to the “dissident” movements and accusing them of illegal and conspiratorial methods.)
2. Bureaucracy
Post-totalitarianism takes the form of an expansive and omnipotent bureaucracy. It begins with the government itself, but enlarges to assimilate business, news and communication media, education, and cultural institutions. Fundamentally amoral and unprincipled, its main aim is to preserve itself and to expand. Any threat to its power is met with savage (and inevitably effective) opposition.
3. Ideology
Havel’s insights about the role of ideology in post-totalitarianism are one of the essay’s greatest contributions. Ideology supplies two main functions in a post-totalitarian system: excusatory and administrative.
Excusatory function. First, it’s the means by which the bureaucracy legitimizes itself:
Ideology is a specious way of relating to the world. It offers human beings the illusion of an identity, of dignity, and of morality while making it easier for them to part with these.
Ideology, [creates] a bridge of excuses between the system and the individual … a world of appearances trying to pass for reality.
The primary excusatory function of ideology, therefore, is to provide people, both as victims and pillars of the post-totalitarian system, with the illusion that the system is in harmony with the human order and the order of the universe.
It enables people to deceive their conscience and conceal their true position and their inglorious modus vivendi.
It supplies a veil behind which human beings can hide their own fallen existence, their trivialization.
Administrative function. Second, ideology supplies the means by which a totalitarian system organizes and communicates with itself.
Ideology plays a central role in the complex machinery of the post-totalitarian system. It supplies indirect instruments of manipulation which ensure in countless ways the integrity of the regime, leaving nothing to chance.
Ideology offers a fundamental world view, with which to interpret every event, activity and entity in the world of human affairs. It supplies virtually a “metaphysical order” that “guarantees the inner coherence of the totalitarian power structure,” and “integrates its communication system and makes possible the internal exchange and transfer of information and instructions.”
In order for post-totalitarian ideology to operate effectively, it must reign in every area of society. No threat to it, and no opposing alternative ideology, can be permitted to emerge. Unchallenged, the ideology becomes increasingly removed from reality.
As the interpretation of reality by the power structure, ideology is always subordinated ultimately to the interests of the structure. Therefore, it has a natural tendency to disengage itself from reality, to create a world of appearances, to become ritual. In societies where there is public competition for power and therefore public control of that power, there also exists quite naturally public control of the way that power legitimates itself ideologically. [Usually] there are always certain correctives that effectively prevent ideology from abandoning reality altogether. Under [post-totalitarianism], however, these correctives disappear, and thus there is nothing to prevent ideology from becoming more and more removed from reality, gradually turning into … a world of appearances, a mere ritual, a formalized language deprived of semantic contact with reality and transformed into a system of ritual signs that replace reality with pseudo-reality.
Yet, as we have seen, ideology becomes at the same time an increasingly important component of power, a pillar providing it with both excusatory legitimacy and an inner coherence. As this aspect grows in importance, and as it gradually loses touch with reality, it acquires a peculiar but very real strength. It becomes reality itself, albeit a reality altogether self-contained, one that on certain levels (chiefly inside the power structure) may have even greater weight than reality as such. Increasingly, the virtuosity of the ritual becomes more important than the reality hidden behind it. The significance of phenomena no longer derives from the phenomena themselves, but from their locus as concepts in the ideological context. Reality does not shape theory, but rather the reverse.
Because the regime is captive to its own lies, it must falsify everything. It falsifies the past. It falsifies the present, and it falsifies the future. It falsifies statistics. It pretends not to possess an omnipotent and unprincipled police apparatus. It pretends to respect human rights. It pretends to persecute no one. It pretends to fear nothing. It pretends to pretend nothing.
4. Conformity
Yet, Havel claims, the post-totalitarian system and its tissue of lies require the tacit or active endorsement of the masses.
Individuals need not believe all these mystifications, but they must behave as though they did, or they must at least tolerate them in silence, or get along well with those who work with them. For this reason, however, they must live within a lie. They need not accept the lie. It is enough for them to have accepted their life with it and in it.
For by this very fact, individuals confirm the system, fulfill the system, make the system, are the system…
by accepting the prescribed ritual, by accepting appearances as reality, by accepting the given rules of the game. In doing so, however, he has himself become a player in the game, thus making it possible for the game to go on, for it to exist in the first place
the moment that excuse is accepted, it constitutes power inwardly
everyone in his own way is both a victim and a supporter of the system. What we understand by the system is not, therefore, a social order imposed by one group upon another, but rather something which permeates the entire society and is a factor in shaping it.
The American post-totalitarian system is especially insidious in its use of economic and other incentives to gain the support of the population and their acceptance of self-oppression.
Even progressive liberals are heavily invested in the status quo (and even literally so, as they see their retirement portfolios grow while the Dow Jones Industrial Average increases year after year, regardless of the injustices Wall Street perpetrates to ensure profits. The public is addicted wholesale to social media like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube, which collude with the security state. A large proportion of jobs exist within oppressive corporations and government institutions.
5. Solutions
If the essence of post-totalitarianism is construction of a false reality, and if the people themselves maintain the system by living a lie within it, then, Havel argues, the only real solution is for people to begin again living in the truth.
A genuine, profound, and lasting change for the better — as I shall attempt to show — can no longer result from the victory (were such a victory possible) of any particular traditional political conception, which can ultimately be only external, that is, a structural or systemic conception. More than ever before, such a change will have to derive from human existence, from the fundamental reconstitution of the position of people in the world, their relationships to themselves and to each other, and to the universe. If a better economic and political model is to be created, then perhaps more than ever before it must derive from profound existential and moral changes in society. This is not something that can be designed and introduced like a new car. If it is to be more than just a new variation of the old degeneration, it must above all be an expression of life in the process of transforming itself. A better system will not automatically ensure a better life. In fact, the opposite is true: only by creating a better life can a better system be developed.
There is an emphasis on the word “living” here. Havel does not mean paying lip service to the truth, or raging against lies. Living in the truth is an existential solution that occurs first at the individual level, and then at a cultural level. Words, manifestos, articles and books are not enough. The revolution is an accumulation of individual shifts in personal consciousness, to experiential anamnesis of the True, the Beautiful and the Good.
Part of the solution, Havel argues, is dissent — but (and this is very important) only certain forms of dissent. Many forms of dissent are ineffective and counter-productive.
An essential part of the “dissident” attitude is that it comes out of the reality of the human here and now. It places more importance on often repeated and consistent concrete action — even though it may be inadequate and though it may ease only insignificantly the suffering of a single insignificant citizen — than it does in some abstract fundamental solution in an uncertain future.
Another form of living in the truth is legal challenges. Legal challenges are, so to speak, an Achilles’ heel of the post-totalitarian system, because it needs to legitimize itself in laws.
In other words, is the legalistic approach at all compatible with the principle of living within the truth? This question can only be answered by first looking at the wider implications of how the legal code functions in the post-totalitarian system. In a classical dictatorship, to a far greater extent than in the post-totalitarian system, the will of the ruler is carried out directly, in an unregulated fashion. A dictatorship has no reason to hide its foundations, nor to conceal the real workings of power, and therefore it need not encumber itself to any great extent with a legal code. The post-totalitarian system, on the other hand, is utterly obsessed with the need to bind everything in a single order: life in such a state is thoroughly permeated by a dense network of regulations, proclamations, directives, norms, orders, and rules. (It is not called a bureaucratic system without good reason.)
Like ideology, the legal code functions as an excuse. It wraps the base exercise of power in the noble apparel of the letter of the law; it creates the pleasing illusion that justice is done, society protected, and the exercise of power objectively regulated.
Because the system cannot do without the law, because it is hopelessly tied down by the necessity of pretending the laws are observed, it is compelled to react in some way to such appeals. Demanding that the laws be upheld is thus an act of living within the truth that threatens the whole mendacious structure at its point of maximum mendacity.
They have no other choice: because they cannot discard the rules of their own game, they can only attend more carefully to those rules. Not to react to challenges means to undermine their own excuse and lose control of their mutual communications system.
But more than anything else Havel understands living in the truth as something apolitical. The root problem is that we are a false society composed of false selves. We must concentrate on creating a new, authentic culture, one person at a time.
Above all, any existential revolution should provide hope of a moral reconstitution of society, which means a radical renewal of the relationship of human beings to what I have called the “human order,” which no political order can replace. A new experience of being, a renewed rootedness in the universe, a newly grasped sense of higher responsibility, a new-found inner relationship to other people and to the human community — these factors clearly indicate the direction in which we must go.
In other words, the issue is the rehabilitation of values like trust, openness, responsibility, solidarity, love.
In view of this, how ironic it is that since Havel’s time a different paradigm of regime change has prevailed in Eastern Europe. Instead of living in the truth, the US (via the CIA), globalized corporations, and dubiously-aligned NGOs have used covert activities and mass propaganda to not only to impose changes of government, but to assassinate truth.
Comparison with Sorokin
Havel’s ideas here invite comparison with those of Pitirim Sorokin, who also called for a moral reconstruction of humanity in responses to the crises of modern culture. While their views are similar, Sorokin (armed with his massive historical studies of human culture) arguably delved more deeply into what such a reconstruction would look like, and how it might be accomplished. For one thing, he was much more aware of the role of traditional spirituality in effecting such changes. He also placed great emphasis on the experience of Love (agape) as a central positive cultural value. Finally, Sorokin understood that ultimately solutions must come from higher sources of inspiration — the supraconscious. Without strong or definite religious convictions, Havel — for all his excellencies — could only grope in the dark about matters of spirituality. He agreed that rationalism itself could supply no answers, but could only discuss transcendence in vague terms (e.g. Havel, 1993). More than once Havel quoted the words of Heidegger, to the effect that in the crises of modernity “Only a God can save us now.” Whereas Havel could leave this as no more than a poetic expression, Sorokin could carry it to is logical conclusion: “Fortunately, there is a God, to whom we should turn.”
Note: Quotations have been edited and rearranged in places; please compare with original source before excerpting anything.
Readings
Havel, Václav. The power of the powerless. Paul Wilson, tr. In: John Keane (ed.), The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central Eastern Europe, M. E. Sharpe, 1985. Orig. publ. in International Journal of Politics, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1985, pp. 23–96. [pdf version] [plain text version]
Havel, Václav. The need for transcendence in the postmodern world. The Futurist, July−August 1995. Speech delivered in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 4, 1994.
Sorokin, Pitirim. The Reconstruction of Humanity. Boston: Beacon Press, 1948.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954; repr. Templeton Foundation, 2002. [ebook]
Related posts
- Abraham Maslow: How to Experience the Unitive Life
- A Meditation on Man’s Transcendent Dignity
- Beyond the Pyramid. Being-Psychology: Maslow’s Real Contribution
- Culture in Crisis: The Visionary Theories of Pitirim Sorokin
- Pitirim Sorokin: Techniques for the altruistic transformation of individuals and society
- Transcendentalism as Spiritual Consciousness
Pitirim Sorokin: Techniques for the Altruistic Transformation of Individuals and Society
OUR earlier article about Pitirim Sorokin (Culture in Crisis) explained the crises of modern culture as he understood them. Especially in the wake of the Covid pandemic, it’s evident that, since that article was written (over a decade ago), crises have multiplied and intensified. It’s appropriate, then, that we now direct attention more closely to the solutions Sorokin proposed. Whereas in the past cultural transitions have occurred at the whim of chance and Fate, we must now, he argued, think in terms of intentional change, of active steps to produce an Idealistic culture. This would involve a simultaneous transformation of individuals and society, but with the former as more primary.
Under the rubric of “Idealism” Sorokin understood the broad Platonic view of the unity of the True, the Good, and the Beautiful. Inseparable from these, he believed, is the principle of Love. For personal and social transformation, Sorokin placed primacy on Love.: “An increase in our knowledge of the grace of love has become the paramount need of humanity.” It is to the topic of stimulating and harnessing Love as a transforming power that he devoted arguably his greatest and most mature work, The Ways and Power of Love. The book represents a summary and distillation of research conducted at his Harvard Research Center in Creative Altruism in the early 1950s.
An Authentic and Scientific Understanding of Love
The word, ‘love,’ of course, has many meanings. The kind of love that interested him in this research is agape — unselfish or disinterested (not uninterested) love or loving-kindness. Agape love is to be explicitly distinguished from sentimentalism. It’s something loftier, gentler and more hopeful than feelings of pity or compassion. Nothing captures this distinctiveness better than the words of St. Paul (which Sorokin cites):
1 Corinthians 13 (KJV)
[1] Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.
[2] And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing.
[3] And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
[4] Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up,
[5] Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil;
The Greek word translated as charity here is agape.
Even more, agape love is to be distinguished from that righteous indignation often expressed as angry, even violent action performed in the name of love, compassion, and justice. It is also not to be confused with expansive government social programs and bureaucracy. Although properly-administered government programs serve valid purposes, they are no substitute for agape love and individual actions performed for its sake.
In the end, for cultural transformation to be truly aligned with agape love, interventions must, Sorokin argued, be inspired and directed by a realm of truth and knowledge superior to that given by merely rationalistic modes of thought. The closing section will discuss Sorokin’s pivotal concept of the supraconscious.
Techniques for Altruistic Transformation
Drawing on many sources, including historical research, biographies of great moral reformers, studies of ordinary ‘good samaritans,’ and consultation with other social scientist, Sorokin included in Part 4 of Ways and Power an extensive analysis of alternative means for altruistically transforming individuals and Society. The complete list is here. He was emphatic that no single solution would work:
The foregoing chapters clearly show that altruistic formation and transformation of human beings is an exceedingly delicate, complex, and difficult operation. There is no single magic procedure that can successfully perform it. Neither is there a standard set of operations equally applicable to all persons and groups. To be effective, the methods must vary in accordance with the many conditions and properties of the individuals and groups. In addition, even the effective method must be supplemented and supported by a respective transmutation of the culture and social institutions of the persons and groups undergoing the altruistic change.
Below are essential extracts from four techniques he discussed that have special relevance to themes discussed at Satyagraha.
Altruization Through Fine Arts and Beauty
Fine arts can and do serve the task of altruistic ennoblement as well as that of cognition of truth. … By its nature the fine art masterpiece represents a marvelous unity which arouses simultaneously our intellectual, emotional, affective, volitional, and vital energies. … Art can teach many … suprarational truths which cannot be communicated by words and concepts. … [A] masterpiece of painting or sculpture, the Parthenon or a great cathedral, uplifts us in the realm of creative spirit more efficiently than a statistical diagram, mathematical formula, or a chain of impeccable syllogisms can do. …
In mankind’s great and rich treasury of art masterpieces, however, including the beauty of the sunset, of starry skies, and of millions of natural phenomena, there always can be found the special art medium fit for altruistic transfiguration of a given person or group. Sometimes it lies in ‘the small voice’ of the sun reflected in a pool of water, or in a little tune of a beautiful folksong or in the joyful play of children, not to mention the chefs-d’oeuvre of the great artists and masters. With discernment the fine arts can and should be used much more than they are used now, for mental, moral, and the ‘total’ education of mankind. Additional merit of this technique is that it works in a most enjoyable way, free from the pains and fatigue of many other techniques. (Ways and Power of Love, Ch. 17)
Altruization Through Individual Creative Activity
The creative urge represents the focal point of human personality. … great creative achievements are inspired by the supraconscious and are executed by the conscious mind working under the guidance of the supraconscious genius which resides in the creative person. In a small degree the voice of the supraconscious speaks also in modest creative efforts. The creative urge is thus in a sense the holy of holies of every person. It is also the most distinctive mark of his individuality, of his conscious egos, and especially of his egoless self. Creativity and individuality both mean something new, something different from what already exists and from other persons. … a free display of the creative urge is one of the main forms of man’s freedom. Free manifestation of the creative urge is therefore one of the main ingredients of man’s happiness, self-respect, and peace of mind. Frustration of the creative urge means an undermining of his individuality, his freedom, and his happiness….
[The creative] individual or group is deflected from many mischiefs, squabbles, and enmities by the much more absorbing creative thoughts and deeds. The very nature of their constructively creative work tends to ennoble them mentally and morally. They increasingly become the instrument of the best conscious activities and of the supraconscious forces, and decreasingly the animal organisms controlled by discordant biological drives and by disharmonious, narrow egos. …
[A frustrated creative instinct] is possibly one of the important factors in … unrest, and interindividual, intergroup, and international tensions — war included — of our age. … The widening [of creative opportunities] is urgently needed not only for altruistic purposes and for mitigation of our ‘wars of everyone against everyone,’ but also for physical and mental welfare and the cultural progress of humanity. After all, “the Supreme Creator” is possibly the most important characteristic of God. Creativity is also the most important life mission of man. It is man’s royal road to the supraconscious, as well as of the supraconscious to man. It [unites] the mortal human being with the Immortal Cosmic Creator. Why then not open this royal road for all human beings? (Ways and Power of Love, Ch. 17)
Altruization Through Private and Public Prayer
Prayer is one of the most accessible and fruitful ways for spiritualization and altruization of human beings and groups. The more of this sort of prayer, the better for all of us. Supplication, worship, prayer are no superstition; they are acts more real than the acts of eating, drinking, sitting or walking. It is no exaggeration to say that they alone are real. …
The main objective of … prayer is a dissolution of one’s lilliputian egos, interests, and aspirations in the “Thy will be done,” in the infinitely greater Supreme Being, however it is called and conceived. Altruistic prayer strives to free the supraconscious in man from the shackles of his little egos for the union with the Supreme Supraconscious. Such prayer tends to turn our organism and our unconscious and conscious mind into an instrument of the supraconscious in us and, through that, of the Cosmic Supraconscious. …
[Pierre] Marinier correctly remarks that: “It is a discipline for unification of self with self and self with the world. Modern man often claims to reject it because it appears in conjunction with creeds or dogmatic conceptions to which he cannot adhere. But psychological value of prayer is independent of these creeds in their dogmatic form. … Modern man by refusing to pray deprives himself of the most fecund forces from his past and from his secret being. These forces remain unused, even repressed, while the individual, whose consciousness is no longer linked to the universal, flounders at the superficies of himself in an illusion of liberty — which conceals profound dissociation and despicable ignorance. For the vast majority of us, prayer meanwhile remains the only (I would say one of the few) practical road to physical and moral recovery, to reconciliation with our ancestors, to comprehension and acceptance of the real, to liberty itself….” (Ways and Power of Love, Ch. 18)
Altruization Through Contemplation and Meditation
In [contemplation] words, verbal terms, and concepts cannot help much; if anything, they can rather mislead by replacing the total living grasp of the inexpressible whole by one of its differentiations embodied in verbal definition. For these reasons [it] is often going on in silence, without any words or verbal concepts. …
It is at the moments when the ‘chosen and anointed’ are possessed by the supraconscious that the great religions are born, the eternal moral verities are uttered, the superhuman moral deeds are done, the true prophecies are spoken, the incurables are cured, the hopeless sinners are redeemed, the moral and spiritual mission of humanity is set forth, and its foundations are laid down.
What is still more significant here is the fact that many of these [heroes of spirituality and love] discover, teach, and practice their verities without a serious labor of their conscious mind …. The hour of the supraconscious grace over, they … are often surprised at the thoughts, words, and deeds done by them in the state of supraconscious [contemplation] and creativity. …
[T]hese peaks … are reached only by the very few…. For the rank and file only much lower forms of moral meditation and creativity are available…. [H]owever, these forms should neither be depreciated nor discounted in their influence. Such a rational meditation assumes the forms of the examination of conscience, of thinking of one’s moral mistakes and improvements, of cultivation of the spirit of friendship and mutual aid, of scientific plans for improvement of one’s own and of others’ moral standards, for decreasing criminality, poverty, and disease, for increasing social service agencies, co-operative organizations, schools, recreation centers, youth organizations, religious institutions, community charities, and the like. Earnest thinking and doing along these planes lead the thinking individuals and the community to a notable ennoblement of their civic virtues and moral standards. In their totality these good thoughts and deeds, performed by millions, exert an enormous influence upon everyone and all. … [M]editation and moral creativity of the rank and file have inestimable importance for the altruistic progress of mankind. (Ways and Power of Love, Ch. 18)
The Supraconscious
From the above we see that Sorokin often alludes to the supraconscious. He doesn’t explicitly define this term, however, and indeed maybe it’s intrinsically undefinable. We might simply “black-box” it and consider it in a purely functional sense: as that (whatever it actually is) which is the source of our greatest creative thoughts and inspirations. As a source of conscious thought it is not necessarily itself thought; it’s possibly significant, therefore, that he uses the word supraconscious and not superconscious. Whereas the latter implies a superior form of consciousness, the former suggests a level of reality beyond consciousness.
Perhaps it would be better here to think in terms of a “supraconscious realm,” which is not a single thing, but a constellation of related concepts that include: a higher personal unconscious (including possible biological components), a Higher Self (understood in a metaphysical or spiritual sense), God, Nature, Natural Law, Logos, Objective Reality, Universal Mind and/or a World Soul. Sorokin wisely avoids committing himself to a particular metaphysical position; it’s sufficient only to allow that this deeper reality from which our greatest inspirations spring is governed by the principles of Truth, Goodness, Beauty, Peace and Love. This is the Platonic view deeply engrained in the Western tradition — and, of course, also found in Eastern philosophy and religion.
1st draft. (Please excuse any typos or rough wording.)
Bibliography
Mangone, Emiliana; Dolgov, Alexander. Sorokin’s altruistic creative love: Genesis, methodological issues, and applied aspects. Human Arenas 3, 6–22, 2020.
Nichols, Lawrence T. Sorokin’s amitology and Lewis’s four loves: Integrating scientific and artistic imaginations. Human Arenas 3, 23–37, 2020.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Society, Culture, and Personality: Their Structure and Dynamics. Harper, 1947. [SCP]
Sorokin, Pitirim A. (ed.). Explorations in Altruistic Love and Behavio: A Symposium. Boston, Beacon Press, 1950.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Altruistic Love: A Study of American Good Neighbors and Christian Saints. Boston: Beacon Press, 1950.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Amitology as an applied science of amity and unselfish love. In Soziologische Forschung in unserer Zeit, ed. Karl G. Specht. Cologne: West Deutscher Verlag, 1951, pp. 277–281; repr. in: Barry V. Johnston (ed.), On the Practice of Sociology, University of Chicago, 1998 (pp. 302–304).
Sorokin, Pitirim A. (ed.). Forms and Techniques of Altruistic and Spiritual Growth: A Symposium. Boston, Beacon Press, 1954; repr. New York, Kraus, 1971.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954; repr. Templeton Foundation, 2002. [ebook]
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Social and Cultural Dynamics. Revised and abridged in one volume by the author, Transaction Books, 1957, 1985. (Originally published in four volumes, I–III, 1937; IV, 1941.) [SCD]
Uebersax, John S. Culture in crisis: the visionary theories of Pitirim Sorokin. Satyagraha. 19 August 2010.
Uebersax, John S. Pitirim Sorokin’s personality theory. Satyahraha. 24 February 2015.
Abraham Maslow: How to Experience the Unitive Life
ABRAHAM MASLOW, in an unpublished paper, outlined many helpful suggestions for how to voluntarily enter into the unitive state of consciousness — otherwise known as Being-cognition or plateau experience. Here are the highlights. To these let me just add one of my own which is to practice ‘easiness.’ In making this post my conscious goal is to do so with this little difficulty as possible. (See 4 below.) For example, I’m not bothering to correct his spelling errors in the last sentence:
The fundamental question today is: how can I live in the Deficiency-realm (as I must) — that is, the workaday world with its pains, fears, ugliness, falsehood, ignorance, sickness, and evil, and yet not forget the Being-realm and Being-values including pure beauty, goodness, and truth. Two excellent books that summarize classical religious, contemplative, and mystical techniques are Pitirim Sorokin’s Techniques of Altruisization and Love and Aldous Huxley’s The Perennial Philosophy.
The following are my own suggestions.
2. Keep your eye on the ends, not only on the means.
3. Keep to the end-quality of means.
4. Transform means into ends.
8. Cultivate periods of quiet, of meditation, of “getting out of the world,” getting out of your usual locality, immediate concerns, apprehensions and forebodings. Periodically get away from time-and-space concerns, away from clocks, calendars, responsibilities, demands from the world, duties, and other people.
9. Go into the dreamy state. Slip into primary process thinking: poetical, metaphorical, “out of the world.”
10. Be law-abiding in a Taoistic way: in relation to the laws of nature, reality, and human nature. Perceive the universe’s eternal, intrinsic laws. To accept or even love these laws is Taoistic and the essence of a good citizen.
13. Be compassionate with yourself. Be understanding, forgiving, accepting and perhaps even loving about your foibles as reflections of human nature. Enjoy and smile at yourself.
14. Can you smile at your own five-year-old childishness in retrospect, as you can at your own present five-year-old grandchild?
16. Ask yourself: how would this situation look to a child? To the innocent? To an elderly person who is beyond ambition and competition?
17. Try to recover the sense of miraculous about life. For example, a baby is a miracle. Think, for that baby now, “anything could happen” and the “sky is the limit.”
18. Cultivate the sense of infinite possibility. The sense of awe, respect, wonder, admiration. It is possible to experience these emotions in the presence of the “good” person, the saint, and the hero.
19. The process of “getting out of the world” is facilitated by quiet, no noise, no busy-ness, no activity, no distraction, and no responsibility. Outer voices are usually louder than inner voices, and lower voices are ordinarily prepotent over higher voices.
20. To better appreciate your present life-situation, don’t compare yourself with those seemingly luckier than you, but rather, with others less fortunate than you.
21. Engage in deliberate, experimental philanthropy. If you are, at times, no good for yourself (depressed. anxious) at least you can be good for someone else. Offer yourself philanthropically: your time, money, services to help other people, such as children. Work for good causes. Give at least one percent of your income to causes with which you can identify, that help you to feel virtuous.
22. If you find yourself becoming egoistic, puffed up, conceited or arrogant, think of mortality. Or, think of other conceited or arrogant people and see how they look. Do you want to look like that? Do you want to take yourself that seriously? To be that un-humorous?
The Realm of Honesty
4. Never underestimate the power of a single individual. Remember, one candle in a cave lights everything.
Entering the Being-Realm
1. Get out of the Deficiency-world by deliberately going into the Being-realm. Seek out art galleries, libraries, museums, beautiful or grand trees, the mountains or seashore.
2. Contemplate people who are beautiful, lovable, admirable, or respectworthy.
3. Step into “clean air,” onto Mount Olympus. Step into the world of pure philosophy, pure science, pure mathematics.
4. Try narrowed-down absorption or close-up fascination with the small world: for example, the ant hill, insects on the ground. Closely inspect flowers or grasses, grains of sand or earth. Watch intently without interfering.
5. Use the artist’s or photographer’s trick of seeing the object in itself. For instance, frame it and thus cut it away from its surroundings, away from your preconceptions, expectations and theories of how it should look. Enlarge the object. Or, squint at it so you see only general outlines. Or, gaze from unexpected angles, such as upside-down. Look at it as reflected by a mirror. Put it in unexpected backgrounds, unconventional juxtapositions, through unusual color filters. Gaze at it for a very long time. Gaze while free-associating or daydreaming.
6. Be with babies or children for a long period of time. They are closer to the Being-realm. Sometimes, you can experience the Being-realm in the presence of animals like puppies, kittens, monkeys, or apes.
7. Contemplate your life from the historian’s viewpoint—one hundred or thousand years in the future.
8. Contemplate your life from the viewpoint of a non-human species, as it might appear to ants.
10. Contemplate your daily life as though being seen from a great distance, such as from a remote village in Africa or India.
14. Contemplate the situation through the eyes of the great and wise sages: Socrates, Spinoza, or Voltaire.
15. Try addressing yourself, or your talking or writing, not to the people immediately around you, but over their shoulders: to history’s greatest figures: like Beethoven, William James, Emanual Kant, Socrates, or Alexander Whitehead.
Bibliography
Asrani, U. A. The psychology of mysticism. In: John White (ed.), The highest state of consciousness 2nd ed., White Crow, 2012. (Article originially appeared in Main Currents in Modern Thought, 25, 1969, 68–73.)
Gruel, Nicole. The plateau experience: an exploration of its origins, characteristics, and potential. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 47(1), 2015, 44−63.
Huxley, Aldous. The perennial philosophy. London: Chatto & Windus, 1947.
Krippner, Stanley. The plateau experience: A. H. Maslow and others. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 4(2), 1972, 107–120.
Maslow, Abraham H. Toward a psychology of Being. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand, 1968 (1st ed. 1962) .
Maslow, Abraham H. The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Arkana, 1993 (first published Viking, 1971).
Sorokin, Pitirim A. The ways and power of love. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954 (reprinted: Templeton Foundation Press, 2002).
Sorokin, Pitirim A. Forms and techniques of altruistic and spiritual growth: a symposium. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism, 12th ed. Ch. 10. The Unitive Life. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1930.
The Immortal I
Satyagraha 
You must be logged in to post a comment.